芸豆的营养价值与食用功效
<img alt="" width="340" height="255" src="http://www.chinavegan.com/userfiles/2012-08-06/20120806_1015386630.jpg" /></p>
<span style="color: #800000"> 芸豆</span> 学名菜豆，花豆、相思豆、老虎豆、祛湿豆、荷包豆、红花菜豆、龙爪豆、 雪山豆，豆科科菜豆属。芸豆原产美洲的墨西哥和阿根廷，我国在16世纪末才开始引种栽培。</p>
<strong>简介</strong></p>
芸豆适宜在温带和热带高海拔地区种植，比较耐冷喜光属异花授粉、短日照作物，芸豆根系发达，叶绿色，互生，心脏形，花为虫叶形花，总状花序，花梗长15-18厘米。开花多结荚少。它营养丰富，蛋白质含量高，即是蔬菜又是粮食，还可作糕点和豆馅，是出口创汇的重要农副产品。</p>
主要类型</p>
芸豆分大白芸豆，大黑花芸豆，黄芸豆，红芸豆等品种，前两种尤为闻名。芸豆营养丰富，蛋白质、钙、铁、B族维生素等含量都很高。常食芸豆，可加速肌肤新陈代谢，缓解皮肤，头发的干燥。芸豆中的皂甙类物质能促进脂肪代谢，是减肥者的理想食品之一。</p>
芸豆为喜温植物。生长适宜温度为15～25℃，开花结荚适温为20～25℃，10℃以下低温或30℃以上高温会影响生长和正常授粉结荚。属短日照植物，但多数品种对日照长短的要求不严格，栽培季节主要受温度的制约。中国的西北和东北地区在春夏栽培;华北、长江流域和华南行春播和秋播。直播或育苗移栽均可。对土壤要求不严格。</p>
<strong>营养成分</strong></p>
芸豆营养丰富，据测定，每百克芸豆含蛋白质23.1克、脂肪1.3克、碳水化合物56.9克、钙76毫克及丰富的B族维生素，鲜豆还含丰富的维生素C。从所含营养成分看，蛋白质含量高于鸡肉，钙含量是鸡的7倍多，铁为4倍，B族维生素也高于鸡肉。</p>
芸豆的营养素含量</p>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">热量</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">千卡</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">25</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">硫胺素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.33</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">钙</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">88</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">蛋白质</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.8</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">核黄素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.06</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">镁</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">16</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">脂肪</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.1</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">烟酸</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.8</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">铁</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">1</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">碳水化合物</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">5.3</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">维生素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">C(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">9</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">锰</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.44</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">膳食纤维</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">2.1</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">维生素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">E(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.07</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">锌</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">1.04</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">维生素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">A(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">微克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">40</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">胆固醇</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">0</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">铜</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.24</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">胡罗卜素</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">微克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.6</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">钾</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">112</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">磷</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">37</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">视黄醇当量</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">微克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">91.1</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">钠</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">毫克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">4</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt">硒</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">微克</span><span style="font-size: 9pt">)</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #ffffff; border-left: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; background: white; height: 22.5pt; border-top: #ffffff; border-right: #ffffff; padding-top: 0cm">
<div style="line-height: 11.25pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 9pt">.23</span></div>
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</div>
<strong>食用价值</strong></p>
芸豆是营养丰富的食品，不过其籽粒中含有一种毒蛋白，必须在高温下才能被破坏，所以食用芸豆必须煮熟煮透，消除不利因子，趋利避害，更好地发挥其营养效益。嫩荚约含蛋白质6%,纤维10%,糖1～3%。干豆粒约含蛋白质22.5%，淀粉59.6%。鲜嫩荚可作蔬菜食用，也可脱水或制罐头。</p>
芸豆还是一种难得的高钾、高镁、低钠食品，这个特点在营养治疗上大有用武之地。芸豆尤其适合心脏病、动脉硬化，高血脂、低血钾症和忌盐患者食用。</p>
<strong><span style="color: #800000">食用宜忌</span></strong></p>
芸豆不宜生食，因为芸豆生吃会产生毒素，会导致腹泻，呕吐等现象，</p>
夹生芸豆也不宜吃，芸豆必须煮透，才能食用。芸豆是营养丰富的食品，不过其籽粒中含有一种毒蛋白，必须在高温下才能被破坏，所以食用芸豆必须煮熟煮透，消除其毒性，更好地发挥其营养效益，否则会引起中毒。芸豆在消化吸收过程中会产生过多的气体，造成胀肚。故消化功能不良、有慢性消化道疾病的人应尽量少食。</p>
<strong>药用价值</strong></p>
现代医学分析认为，芸豆还含有皂苷、尿毒酶和多种球蛋白等独特成分，具有提高人体血身的免疫能力，增强抗病能力，激活淋巴T细胞，促进脱氧核糖核酸的合成等功能，对肿瘤细胞的发展有抑制作用，因而受到医学界的重视。其所含量尿素酶应用于肝昏迷患者效果很好。</p>
<strong>美食烹饪</strong></p>
一、 芸豆汤</p>
二、五香芸豆</p>
材料：</p>
白芸豆200克，八角2粒，桂皮2块，花椒5克，大葱一段，老姜1小块，白糖一小勺，盐10克。</p>
做法：</p>
1、白芸豆洗净后，加水浸泡12小时。泡的时间尽量长一些，煮的时候会轻易煮熟。</p>
2、泡好的芸豆捞出，水倒掉，老姜切片。</p>
3、芸豆，八角，桂皮，花椒，大葱，姜片和白糖一起放入煮锅中，加适量的清水大火烧开后，转小火煮40-60分钟，水要加够，我就是没加够，结果煮到最后有点干锅了。</p>
4、煮到芸豆完全熟透。</p>
5、离火后加入盐拌匀，冷却即可。</p>
备注：</p>
1、芸豆营养丰富，含多种营养，可以加速肌肤的新陈代谢，缓解皮肤、头发干燥。芸豆还是减肥的有效食品。</p>
2、芸豆一定要煮熟煮透，否则会引起身体不适。</p>
三、蒜炒芸豆丝</p>
原料：</p>
芸豆、蒜头、小红辣椒。</p>
做法：</p>
1、芸豆从两头撕去豆筋后切成丝，蒜头拍碎切成末，小红辣椒切成圈;</p>
2、热锅入油，油温后下蒜末和辣椒圈煸出香味，下芸豆丝煸炒;</p>
3、加入少许清水，放盐和素易鲜调味，大火快速翻炒至变色熟透即可。</p>
四、素版干煸芸豆</p>
原料：</p>
芸豆、干红辣椒段、花椒、盐、糖、植物油。</p>
做法：</p>
1、芸豆择好洗净，锅内热油入芸豆不停地翻炒，炒到芸豆缩水变软盛出备用;</p>
2、锅中留少许底油，放干红辣椒段和花椒煸出香味，倒入刚才煸好的的芸豆，加盐、糖调味，再翻炒几分钟就可以出锅了。</p>
注：</p>
炒这道菜油要多放些，最好刚盖过菜，千万不能加水，让菜在油里煎熟，勤翻炒别弄糊了，否则这道菜就完蛋了，切记!</p>
五、芸豆卷儿</p>
材料：白芸豆，红豆沙</p>
做法：</p>
1、白芸豆洗净浸泡一天后，剥去外皮。</p>
2、换水煮40分钟到1小时至芸豆熟，一定要熟透。</p>
3、捞出煮熟的芸豆，沥干水份，过筛或用搅拌机打成细腻的芸豆泥，根据口味加些糖拌匀。</p>
4、打开寿司帘，上面铺一层保鲜膜，取芸豆泥涂在保鲜膜上，尽量涂匀，压成一个大薄片。</p>
5、将四边不齐的地方切下去，涂上均匀的豆沙。</p>
6、从寿司帘一边慢慢卷起，直到卷成一个圆柱形，取下保鲜膜，切块即可，可轻轻压一压使芸豆卷儿成方形。</p>
<strong>其他相关</strong></p>
莴笋芸豆是补钙健骨最佳搭配</p>
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